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By: Mukhlis Mukhlis   Background   The Popular Mobilization Forces (PMF), known in Arabic as Hashd al-Shaabi, were established in 2014 following a fatwa issued by Grand Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani to combat the rise of ISIS. By 2016, the PMF had evolved into a formalized paramilitary force integrated within Iraq's security framework. The PMF encompasses approximately 67 factions, representing a diverse spectrum of ethnic and sectarian groups, though it is predominantly composed

By: Mukhlis Mukhlis As we near the end of 2025, Iran is deeply entrenched in a complex crisis marked by serious economic and social upheaval. Much of this turmoil stems from the cumulative effects of international sanctions and a steep decline in oil revenues, which have long been the cornerstone of the Iranian economy. The value of the Iranian rial has plummeted to alarming lows against the U.S. dollar, sparking widespread protests in urban areas and increasing pressure on t

In the realm of national security and counterterrorism, collaborative initiatives play a crucial role in developing effective strategies to combat threats effectively. As threats continue to evolve in an ever-changing geopolitical landscape, it is imperative for stakeholders from various sectors to come together to share knowledge, resources, and expertise. This collaboration between academia, government, and the private sector can lead to innovative solutions and insightful

In today's ever-evolving geopolitical landscape, national security is of paramount importance. As threats continue to emerge and adapt, the need for innovative solutions to address these challenges has never been more critical. The National Council for Strategic Defense Research is at the forefront of providing insightful analysis and comprehensive research to aid policymakers and defense professionals in navigating these complex issues. Through a combination of in-depth rese

In the ever-evolving landscape of U.S. Middle Eastern affairs, it is crucial to continuously enhance strategies to effectively navigate the complex challenges faced by policymakers and defense professionals. The National Council for Strategic Defense Research, comprised of a team of experts, scholars, and practitioners, is dedicated to advancing the understanding and implementation of impactful strategies in this key area. Through in-depth research, policy analysis, and colla